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Virginia, Farms for Jewish Refugees: 19th Century Russians, 20th Century Germans

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Thanks to a participant in the Haberman Institute webinar on Baron Hirsch, whose question about Jewish farming projects in Virginia sparked my interest, and to Albert Sherman for sending me an article on the nineteenth-century Virginia venture, inspiring me to prepare this post.

Thanks also to Robert H. Gillette for providing so much information about the Hyde Park Farm for Jewish refugees in his book the Virginia Plan, William B. Thalhimer and a Rescue From Nazi Germany. and to Michael Caplan for his documentary film Stones from the Soil, which follows his search for the Gross Bressen farm in Germany, where many of the refugees who later settled in Virginia in the 1940s had trained.

Do click on the links below for much much more, and fascinating, information.

Virginia’s First Jews

As related in the Jewish Virtual library, “The Jewish experience in Virginia dates back to Sir Walter Raleigh’s ill-fated Roanoke Colony, then a part of the Virginia territory when Joachim Gaunse, a Prague metallurgist, landed with Raleigh in 1585.”

Monticello, Thomas Jefferson’s home, first restored by Commodore Levy, from National Park Service

A few other Jews trickled in. Among the most notable, Jacob Myer accompanied George Washington in his 1754 expedition across the Allegheny Mountains. Dr. John de Sequeyra, of Williamsburg, was credited by Thomas Jefferson with introducing the custom of eating tomatoes and Commodore Uriah P. Levy of New York  purchased and began the first restoration of Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello in 1836.

Virginia Seeks Immigrants

After the Civil War had so devastated much of the South, the Commonwealth of Virginia, looking at least in part to replace the free labor of slaves, decided to include increased immigration in its recovery plans.

This 1868 article describes Virginia’s efforts to recruit immigrants at Castle Garden in New York (the forerunner of Ellis Island).

On February 5, 1866 the legislature passed ‘An Act to Incorporate the Virginia Land and Aid Immigration Company….To purchase or lease lands in Virginia, to be resold or relet to immigrants; [and/or]To act as agents for the sale or leasing of lands, in Virginia, to immigrants.

“By May of 1866 the [Company] was advertising in the Richmond Examiner that it was sending a Director abroad to secure tenants and laborers.”1

Waterview Colony for Russian Refugees

From an article describing the life in the Waterview colony from the Baltimore Sun of April 9, 1883. Read the whole article aquí. (Zoom in)

In the early 1880s when the great wave of Russian Jewish emigrees began, Joseph Friedenwald, a German Jewish Baltimore businessman, bought 783 acres at Waterview in Middlesex County, Virginia, on the banks of the Rappahannock River, where he settled 72 Russian Jewish refugees. They were to raise tobacco, corn, oats, wheat and rye. But the settlement seemed to disband after only two years.2

A Colony That Never Made It

New York Times, August 27, 1908, page 4.

Then in 1908, Rabbi Leonard Levy, Chairman of the Jewish Agriculturalists‘ Aid Society, bought 2000 acres near Richmond, planning to settle Russian Jews as farmers.3 But it seems that never happened.

Hyde Park Farm

The Thalhimer store in Richmond, Virginia. See a video on the history of the 26 stores aquí.

In 1938, inspired by his earlier visit to Germany where he was horrified by the violent anti-semitism, William Thalhimer, owner of the Thalhimer department store chain, based in Richmond, established a farm for young Jewish refugees on Hyde Park Farm in Burkeville, Va. Listen to Robert H. Gillette discuss the Hyde Park Farm experience at this link.

Gross Bressen to Hyde Park

Gross Bressen students unloading a hay wagon. From the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of George Landecker

The approximately 30 young Jews that came to Hyde Park had been students at the Jewish Emigration Training Farm at Gross Breesen on Germany’s then eastern border, a farm that was the property of a wealthy Jewish landowner. The farm was part of a movement to give young Jewish Germans skills they could use after emigrating, or as hoped by some, to change Jewish occupations in the hope that they would be more acceptable to other Germans. Read all about Gross Bressen in this article by Heidi Landecker, the daughter of a Gross Bressen participant who then went to Hyde Park Farm in Virginia.

The Gross Bressen Experience

Curt Bondy

Gross Bressen was led by the forward leading psychologist Curt Bondy4 who was recommended for the post by the famous Jewish philosopher Martin Buber. In the evenings, after the students spent the days learning farming skills, Bondy taught crucial subjects, resilience, mindfulness and the importance of strong characters,

Jewish men captured on Kristnacht, Nov. 9, 1938, line up at Buchenwald’s special camp set up for these mass arrests. photo from U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.

Life at Gross Bressen was almost idyllic until November 9, 1938, Kristalnacht. On that night the German SS raided the farm and carried off most of the students and Bondy himself to the Buchenwald Concentration Camp.

Buchenwald had yet to become a death camp so after 30 days the group was allowed out with the proviso that they all leave Germany as soon as possible.

Members of the Gross Bressen group left for Australia, Palestine, Kenya, England, Argentina and Hyde Park Farm in Virginia. It wasn’t easy to obtain U.S. visas. At that time, those who couldn’t offer proof that they could support themselves were barred entry and those who came with the promise of a job were barred entry as well. So Thalhimer gave each refugee a share in the Hyde Park farm making them self supported investors.

From Idyllic Hyde Park to Spying in Europe

Training for deployment to Europe at Camp Ritchie, National Archives NARA, Wikimedia.

In 1941 Thalhimer had a major heart attack and for financial reasons Hyde Park Farm had to close. Almost all the young men joined the U.S. Army. Because of their native German and their deep understanding of German culture, many became spies for the U.S., many joining the famous Ritchie Boys, a secret U.S intelligence corps. Members interrogated prisoners and performed counter-intelligence duties. Some even convinced German soldiers to surrender.

Other Hyde Park participants went on to work as counselors and farm hands at the Carson College Orphanage near Philadelphia.5 After the War many Hyde Park participants received university educations with funds from the G.I. Bill.

Bondy Publishes First Studies of Concentration Camp Prisoners

Through Thailhimer’s friendship with the president of William and Mary College, Bondy had already become a professor at the College’s Richmond branch, the Richmond Professional Institute (RPI). In 1943 he published some of the first studies on the behavior of prisoners in concentration camps.6. Following WW II Bondy returned to his native Hamburg, Germany where he continued his academic career.4

Hyde Park Alumni

For first hand accounts of the lives of many Gross Bressen alumni following WWII, including those that had been at the Hyde Park Farm, see this article which describes letters written by the alumni. To read the letters themselves, some in German, some in English, click on the original document under Source in the right hand corner of the page and then you can download all the letters.

The documentary film Stones from the Soil includes interviews with many of the Hyde Park alumni describing life at Gross Bressen.

In his second book, Escape to Virginia, From Nazi Germany to Thalhimer’s Farm, Robert Gillette tells us the story of two Hyde Park participants, Eva Jacobsohn Loew y Werner “Tom” Angress from the time they first heard of Gross Bressen through to their lives after WW II. With a Ph.d from U. of California, Berkeley, Werner became a distinguished history professor at SUNY Stony Brook University. Eva became a registered nurse, married another Hyde Park participant, Ernst Loew, and together they ran a dairy farm in Hampton, Connecticut where she served on the school board. Ernst also became a colonel in the U.S. Army Reserve.

From Gillette’s the Virginia Plan, and other sources noted below we can learn about the lives of several other Hyde Park alumni. (Discussed in alphabetical order of surname.)

Spies, Artists, and Agriculturists

Corporal Ernst Cramer, 1943 from the Ritchie Museum

During WW II Ernst Cramer became a member of the U.S. Army’s secret spy corps, the Ritchie Boys. Ernst landed on Omaha Beach three days after D-Day . He interrogated German soldiers and wrote propoganda leaflets that were dropped over Germany. After the war Ernst returned to Germany where he became one of the leaders of the Axel-Springer News Conglomerate, founded in 1946 to reinstate a free press in Germany. For his efforts to support the new German democracy, Ernst was awarded one of Germany’s highest medals, the Federal Cross of Merit with Star and Band

Fallen Dream by Friedel Dzubas, 1958.

Friedel Dzubas became a very important abstract artist and studio mate of the well known artist Helen Frankenthaler. Dzubas’ work is in the collections of the Whitney and Guggenheim museums and many other prestigious institutions. See a video on Dzubas’ life aquí.

Hans George Hirsch spent the war years in the U.S. Army interpreting for German prisioners and then teaching farm management techniques to convalescing U.S. soldiers. After WW II he received a Ph.d in agriculture from the University of Minnesota and then joined the U.S. Department of Agriculture and eventually the Department’s Foreign Agricultural Service. An interview with Hans Hirsch about his whole life can be heard at this link.

Harvey P. Newman, né Neustadt, also served in the U.S. army during WW. II and then also made a career in the U.S. Foreign Agricultural Service. Read more about him at this link to the Center for Jewish History archives.

Soldiers, Journalist, and Dairy Farmers

Isidor Kirshot served in the U.S. Army in Northern Africa during WWII. He then remained in the army for his whole career, retiring as a colonel.

Virginia Holocaust Museum, Richmond, Virginia

George Landecker served in the U.S Army in WWII and then ran a farm in Remsen (Oneida County) New York for the rest of his life. He is featured at the Virginia Holocaust Museum

Marianne Regensburger returned to Germany after graduating on a scholarship from the Quaker institution, Earlham College. Marianne’s niece gives us an overview of her life aquí.

In Germany Marianne became a noted journalist. In 1962 she “converted from Judaism to Christianity…, not least because of her experiences with the Quakers in the United States during her emigration. In the final years of her life, she was a committed Christian pacifist who regularly participated in peace demonstrations such as the Easter Marches.”7

Here in 1961, on page 162 of the Journal of Milk & Food Technology, Hyde Park Farm alumnus George Tworoger is listed as a director of the Florida Association of Milk and Food Sanitarians.

Luise Tworoger spent most of her life in Southern Florida. Luise was a teacher and served on the board of Peace Place- A Living Experience.8 Peace Place was a non-profit that fostered the inclusion of human rights and conflict resolution in educational settings.

Luise and her husband George Tworoger, also a Hyde Park participant, owned Expert Dairy Products in Miami. George was a director of the Florida Association of Milk and Food Sanitarians.9

And Even More Hyde Park Alumni

If you would like to learn about other Hyde Park Farm alumni, here is a partial list of the participants.10 Just google their names and out will come their stories.

Lu Alberheim

Hans Bacharach

Rudi Caplan

Rolf Falkenstein

Manfred Gottschalk

Ruth Hadra

Ernst Ludwig Heimann

Ken (Klaus) Herman

Howard Irvin

Herbert Kirchroth

Hermann Kiwi

Trudi Levin

Manfred Lindauer

Walter Mielzinger

Ludwig Rfoshlich

  1. Charles, Joan D. The Russian Colony of Middlesex County…. The Jewish Magazine, April, 2013. [↩]
  2. Ginsberg, Louis. The Jewish Colony at Waterview, The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Oct. 1958. pp. 459-462. If you register for a free jstor account you can read this article online at the link under the title in this footnote. [↩]
  3. Home for the Persecuted, The New York Times, August 27, 1908, p. 4 [↩]
  4. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Bondy, To read this wikipedia post in English click on 3 sprachen to the right of Curt Bondy’s name and choose English. [↩] [↩]
  5. Gillette, Robert H. Escape to Virginia, From Nazi Germany to Thalhimer’s Farm. Charleston, S.C. : The History Press, 2015. p. 215. [↩]
  6. Christian Fleck and Albert Muller, Bruno Bettelheim and the Concentration Camps, Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences , December, 1998, p. 6. (To see that article which is in English scroll down from the German language title page at the link.) Bondy’s article can be read at this link pp. 453 – 457 [↩]
  7. this is a translation from this German language Wikipedia post. [↩]
  8. See https://thebaronhirschcommunity.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ConvertTiffToPDF.pdf [↩]
  9. see page 162 at https://www.foodprotection.org/upl/downloads/journal-archive/journal-of-milk-and-food-technology-1961-volume-24-issue-5.pdf [↩]
  10. taken from the Virginia Plan pages 81, 86, 102, 176 and 177. [↩]

Watch or Hear: Baron de Hirsch, the Godfather of Jewish Settlers in the New World

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Presented by Merrie Blocker, creator of the  baronhirschcommunity.org  blog.

Just click on this link :

https://www.habermaninstitute.org/podcast-archive/2026/4/17/baron-de-hirsch-the-godfather-of-jewish-settlers-in-the-new-world

This lecture will take you into the remarkable stories of the Bronfman and Grossinger families, along with hundreds of thousands of other Jewish immigrants, who got their starts thanks to the billions of dollars Baron Maurice de Hirsch dedicated to giving “a portion of my companions in faith the possibility of finding a new existence.”

From the pampas of Argentina to the rolling hills of southern Brazil, across the United States, and onto the windblown prairies of Canada, his generosity opened doors and transformed countless lives.

His philanthropy founded the New World’s second largest Jewish community in Argentina, sparked multibillion dollar fortunes in Brazil, introduced the first bathroom showers and the first farmers’ credit unions to the United States, helped Saskatchewan and Alberta avoid annexation by the United States, and played a key role in the development of the Jewish Catskills.

Merrie Blocker is a retired Foreign Service Officer having served in Latin America, Romania, and Central and Southern Asia, including serving as Director of the U.S. Cultural Center in Buenos Aires and Public Affairs Officer in Porto Alegre, Brazil.

In Argentina and Brazil, Merrie learned of the Jewish agricultural colonies sponsored by Baron Maurice de Hirsch. Then while translating On a Clear April Morning, an autographical novel by an immigrant to a Brazilian colony, she began to research the impact throughout the Americas of the Baron’s philanthropy on the lives of hundreds of thousands of Jewish immigrants.

Merrie holds a B.A. in American Studies from Reed College and an MFA in Museum Administration from Syracuse University. She lives in Silver Spring, Maryland, with her husband, architect Ricardo Merlo, and their golden doodle, Rusty. They have three wonderful children and four marvelous grandchildren.

La vida en una granja de pollos de Toms River

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The Good, the Bad and the Worse

By Joyce Zelnick Weiss

This story was kindly shared by Joyce Zelnick Weiss. Another story of Growing up on a Chicken Farm in Toms River, by Joyce’s husband Ben Weiss can be found by clicking aquí.

Toms River, NJ, near the shore just south of Lakewood, 80 miles from Brooklyn

How did a little girl from the big city end up on a chicken farm in the middle of New Jersey?


I will try to tell you my story of living on a farm in the middle of nowhere. In the 1940s Toms River was much further from Brooklyn than it is now. Transportation was not readily available. We would ride on a bus for a few hours while passengers came and went at various stops in New Jersey. For those lucky enough to have a car it was a shorter trip.

BROOKLYN – TOMS RIVER

I was 9 years old when my father, Max, and mother, Bess, decided to move to Toms River. My father was a pharmacist who owned his own store in Brooklyn, N.Y. We lived on the top floor of a two-family house, and Bess’s parents lived downstairs. My parents were immigrants from Ukraine, and it was common to live close to the relatives and friends that one knew from the old country. So my comfort circle of people that I saw all the time were mostly all related to us.

We used to visit my Uncle Philip and Aunt Bertha in Toms River, New Jersey, on their chicken farm which they bought after selling their grocery business in Newark, N.J. Uncle Philip was one of my father’s older brothers, and he was married to Aunt Bertha.

I don’t know how my relatives ended up in Toms River, and I never did find out but, for reasons unknown to me, my parents decided that getting out of the city and moving to the country was a good decision for them and for their children. I don’t recall how long it took for us to pack up and move, but before I knew what was happening, we had moved.

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Baron Hirsch World Wide Genealogical and Historical Archives

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For searching family members in the United States and Canada note:

Online searching is available for Baron Hirsch related genealogical records available through the Center for Jewish History in New York. See this video for instructions. Some complete records are online, and when only a reference to a record is on online you can request the full document from the Center via email at inquiries@cjh.org

SEE A LIST OF WORLDWIDE ARCHIVES BELOW.

Baron Maurice de Hirsch

More Archives

In addition, the genealogical and historical archives described below (alphabetized by city) contain reports and correspondence relating to Baron Hirsch-funded Jewish farming projects and individual immigrants who received aid from the Baron Hirsch charitable organizations. These archives are scattered around the world. Some of the holdings have been uploaded digitally – see the links below – but most are only available on-site.

Para los textos en francés, español y portugués, sugiero copiar y pegar en el traductor de Google. Realmente funciona.

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Los Catskills, cultivando los Alpes judíos

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Hospitalidad y pollos kosher

Granja Grossinger original en Ferndale, Biblioteca del Congreso, John Margolies, fotógrafo

En 1913, Selig y Malke Grossinger, ayudados por la Sociedad Agrícola Judía (JAS) del Fondo Baron Hirsch, compraron una granja en las montañas Catskills en Ferndale, Nueva York, 100 millas al norte de Manhattan. Comenzaron a recibir huéspedes que pagaban y que huían del calor y la humedad de la ciudad de Nueva York cada verano. 1

Los Grossinger estaban entre las cerca de dos mil familias judías inmigrantes que compraron granjas en las estribaciones de las montañas Catskills en la década de 1890 o durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX, muchas de ellas con ayuda de JAS. Al igual que estos otros agricultores, los Grossingers descubrieron que el suelo rocoso de Catskills, que les había permitido comprar la tierra a bajo precio, no respondía bien a la cosecha. 

Vista frontal de Grossingers, Liberty, NY, Biblioteca del Congreso, John Margolies, fotógrafo

Pero los huéspedes de verano que buscaban aire fresco y comida kosher eran realmente rentables. La empresa de los Grossingers se volvió extremadamente rentable, con 150,000 invitados cada año, servida en una propiedad de más de 1200 acres que contaba con su propio aeródromo y artistas tan famosos como Frank Sinatra y Jerry Lewis. Grossingers también fue el primer centro turístico del país en utilizar nieve artificial en sus pistas de esquí. Y Elizabeth Taylor y Eddie Fisher se casaron en Grossingers.

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  1. Lavender, Abraham y Steinberg, Clarence, granjeros judíos de los Catskills, En Catskills, un siglo de la experiencia judía en las montañas. Nueva York: Columbia University Press, 2002. p. 33) [↩]

Nido de ruiseñor, una historia de verano de Catskill

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Esta encantador corto historia fue ofrecido a thebaronhirschcommunity.org por la hija del autor, Nora Fischer Kisch, y la sobrina y sobrino del autor, Tamra Hope Miller y Jon Meyerson. Estamos muy agradecidos por su generosidad.

El nido del ruiseñor tiene lugar en 1920 en una granja judía en Condado de Ulster NY, en las montañas Catskill, a 100 millas al noroeste de Manhattan. Puede leer más sobre la agricultura judía en Catskills y el apoyo del Fondo Baron Hirsch para estos esfuerzos. aquí.

Many Jewish farmers in the Catskills, like the family in El nido del ruiseñor, Alquilamos habitaciones para visitantes de verano de los barrios atestados de Nueva York. Estos huéspedes que pagan con frecuencia estaban en el Kuchalayn plan, cocinando sus propias comidas, ofreciendo a los agricultores un mercado listo para sus productos. Al igual que la familia Lippman - Miller, de Bielorrusia, descrita en esta historia, estos granjeros judíos a menudo obtuvieron financiamiento para comprar estas granjas Baron Hirsch Sociedad Judía Agrícola.

UNA Reunión de tres flechas en 1940

yon 1936 la autora y su misterioso escritor esposo, Bruno Fischer, regresó a los idílicos paisajes al norte de la ciudad de Nueva York, donde se convirtieron en fundadores de la Sociedad Cooperativa Tres Flechas , una colonia de vacaciones de 125 acres basada en ideas socialistas. Ubicado justo al sur de Catskills en Putnam Valley, Nueva York, Three Arrows es Aún en activo y Las casas están a la venta.

El nido de ruiseñor de Catskill

por Ruth Fischer

Nadie se preocupaba más por los animales que la abuela, si cumplían con sus simples especificaciones de dar leche o huevos. Ella toleraba a un gato para el servicio necesario, pero solo a regañadientes se le daba espacio en la casa.


Desde que tengo memoria, hubo una batalla entre mi abuela y mi abuelo debido a su afecto por un caballo. Durante el verano, cuando el caballo pastaba en los campos abiertos y no requería mayores gastos que la mano de obra, podía pasar por alto su absurda extravagancia. Pero en invierno era una historia diferente; ella haría la vida miserable para el pobre abuelo cuando llegaran las facturas de alimentación.

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Escuela Agrícola Baron De Hirsch

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Woodbine, Nueva Jersey, 1894-1917

For detailed information on the Woodbine Agricultural Colony one source is WHAT HAPPENED TO THE AGRICULTURE IN THE JEWISH AGRICULTURAL COLONY IN WOODBINE NEW JERSEY by Stephen A. Diamond

The Agricultural school’s archival records are located at the Center for Jewish History, NY, NY. inquiries@cjh.org. and the Philadelphia Jewish Archives scrc@temple.edu

The following article is by Paul Batesel https://www.lostcolleges.com/baron-de-hirsch-agricultural-school

Historia

De El granjero judío, publicado por el Fondo Baron Hirsch

Baron Maurice de Hirsch, un financiero alemán, creó un fondo $2,400,000 en 1891 para ayudar a los refugiados judíos de Rusia y Europa del Este a lograr la independencia económica en los Estados Unidos. Con $37,500 del fondo, los colonos compraron tierras para la colonia de Woodbine en el sur de Nueva Jersey. En 1894, se fundó la Escuela Agrícola Baron De Hirsch para enseñar agricultura científica y proporcionar a los jóvenes judíos las habilidades prácticas para convertirse en agricultores exitosos. Fue la primera escuela secundaria agrícola en la nación.

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La agricultura judía hoy

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El trabajo del barón Hirsch sigue vivo

¿Sabías que hoy hay un renacimiento en la agricultura judía? Por ejemplo, las granjas judías han estado surgiendo recientemente en el norte del estado de Nueva York, cerca de muchos colonias apoyadas por el barón Hirsch.  Lea todo al respecto en este artículo de Leah Koenig que apareció en la revista TABLET

http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/75488/farmville

O siga las noticias de los granjeros judíos de todo el mundo a través de Red de agricultores judíos.

Y para obtener más información sobre los agricultores judíos de hoy en día en los Estados Unidos, vea este artículo de la Agencia Judía Telegráfica

Las granjas judías están en auge. Ahora los agricultores quieren hacer crecer su comunidad.

Una comunidad judía de agricultores de huevos - Toms River, NJ

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welcome to toms river

cortesía de tomsriver.org

Esta es la historia de los granjeros judíos de Toms River que hicieron del condado de Ocean, Nueva Jersey, una capital productora de huevos. Era principios de la primavera de 1910. Sam Kaufman, dueño del bar más grande de Brooklyn, estaba preocupado por sus hijas enfermas. Sabía que tenía que sacarlos del aire rancio de la ciudad de Nueva York. Quizás podría comprar una granja. Pero los Catskills, donde miró por primera vez, carecían de escuelas y tenía cinco hijas que educar. Luego se enteró del río Toms, cerca del mar en el centro de Nueva Jersey. Estaba a solo 75 millas al sur de donde vivía en Brooklyn. NUEVA YORK. Toms River tenía tierras de cultivo a precios razonables, un ambiente de pueblo pequeño, solo 800 habitantes. Lo más importante, tenía una buena escuela secundaria.

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Granjeros judíos de Connecticut

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LisbonCT_AnsheiIsraelSynagogue
Anshei Israel Synagogue in Lisbon, Connecticut, built in 1936

En esta publicación, videos, un mapa interactivo y muchas referencias complementan una breve historia de las comunidades agrícolas judías en Connecticut.

A partir de 1891, Baron Hirsch apoyó el asentamiento de agricultores judíos en Connecticut. Para 1928, había más de 5000 familias judías en el estado. El Baron Hirsch Fund y su subsidiaria, la Jewish Agricultural Society (JAS), patrocinaron estos proyectos. Los proyectos continuaron durante la primera mitad de los 20th Century. They not only helped the Eastern European Jews escaping pogroms in the first part of the century, but after WWII, Holocaust survivors as well.

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